![]() ![]() she takes her car and drive because she wants to go to the restaurant) only when interacting with fellow humans, and a design stance (explaining the agent's actions through functional causation, e.g. This distinction was theorized decades ago by philosopher Daniel Dennett, asserting that we adopt an intentional stance (attributing mental states, such as intention, to make sense of an agent's actions, e.g. Numerous neuroimaging studies provide evidence for extended different neural networks specialized in each of these systems 9, 11. To explain human social cognition, the “cognitive systems theory” posits the existence of a “social cognition system” and a “physical cognition system” 7, 8, 9, 10. In the present study, capitalizing on a unique fMRI corpus, we investigate how the human brain activity is differently affected by repeated interaction with a human and a robot. However, crucial questions remain about how we engage in HRI, and in particular how our tendency to attribute mental properties to other agents apply to robots. In the past decade, the emergence of paradigms comparing Human-Robots Interactions (HRI) to Human–Human Interactions (HHI) 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 opened new avenues for studying social interactions and to better understand how the human social brain, initially devoted to HHI, adapts to HRI. In addition to providing new forms of social interaction, these artificial agents also offer opportunities to investigate human social cognition 2, 3, 4. Thanks to technology, our species continuously diversifies the way people engage with fellow humans, and more recently, with artificial agents such as social robots. ![]() Throughout our evolution, social interactions have structured our behaviors, our brains and ultimately our environment 1. We, Humans, are intrinsically social beings. These results are interpreted as reflecting a process of strengthening social bonding during repeated exchanges when the interacting agent is a human, but not a robot. Results show that activity in the posterior cingulate cortex, a key region associated with social cognition, increases over time in HHI but not in HRI. We used linear statistics to identify regions of the brain where activity changes differently when participants carry out twelve one-minute conversations, alternating between a human and a robotic interlocutor. We capitalize on a unique corpus of neuroimaging data (fMRI) recorded while participants freely discussed with another human or a conversational robotic head, in order to study a crucial parameter of human social cognition, namely that social interactions are adaptive bidirectional processes that evolve over time. ![]() Human–human interactions (HHI) and human–robot interactions (HRI) are compared to identify differences between cognitive processes reflecting bonding in social interactions with natural and artificial agents. ![]()
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